U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: ENHANCED HISTORICAL LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER DATA FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA - 1970S

Metadata also available as

Metadata:


Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 20050102
Title:
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: ENHANCED HISTORICAL LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER DATA FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA - 1970S
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: USGS Digital Data Series
Issue_Identification: 240
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details: State of Florida
Online_Linkage: <http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ds240/index.html>
Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Curtis V. Price
Originator: Naomi Nakagaki
Originator: Kerie J. Hitt
Originator: Rick M. Clawges
Publication_Date: 20050102
Title:
Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the U.S. Geological Survey
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map
Series_Information:
Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series
Issue_Identification: 240
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details:
USGS form reference:
Price, C.V., Nakagaki, N., Hitt, K.J., and Clawges, R.C., 2006, Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 240. [digital data set] <http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240>
Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/240/>
Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds240>
Description:
Abstract:
This data set depicts land use and land cover from the 1970s and 1980s and has been previously published by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in other file formats. This version has been reformatted to other file formats and includes minor edits applied by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and USGS scientists. This data set was developed to meet the needs of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Please note: The field names in the original attribute table from the USGS were renamed by the GeoPlan Center. The original field names from the USGS are listed in the Process Steps (Data Quality Section) and in the Attribute Definitions (Entity and Attribute Information section). All land use datasets distributed via FGDL will contain these standardized field names, for ease of using land use data at the statewide extent. This is an update to the FGDL USGSLU_1974.shp data layer.
Purpose:
Land-use and land-cover data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey are useful for environmental assessment of land-use patterns with respect to water-quality analysis, growth management, and other types of environmental impact assessment.
The data are meant to be normally used by quadrangle, or among adjacent quadrangles where temporally contiguous. The data can be used in any geographic application where intermediate scale land-use data are appropriate and the source land-cover map dates are representative of the time period of interest.
Supplemental_Information:
USGS: This data set is released as part of an enhanced version of previously published USGS land-use and land-cover data, edited to perform attribute and geographic corrections, recast to the North American Horizontal Datum of 1983, and reformatted to the commonly used geospatial data file formats.
BACKGROUND
The following background information is extracted from:
U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Land use and land cover digital data from 1:250,000- and 1:100,000-scale maps: Data User Guide 4, 25 p.
(This document is out of print, but was available online on July 1, 2005 at <http://www.vterrain.org/Culture/LULC/Data_Users_Guide_4.html>)
--- begin quote
 "The characteristics of the digital cartographic data base for land Use
 and land cover and associated maps reflect the parameters used in
 compiling the maps. The Land Use and Land Cover mapping program is
 designed so that standard topographic maps at a scale of l:250,000 can
 be used as a base for compilation and reproduction. In a few cases, the
 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has prepared Land Use and Land Cover and
 associated maps at a scale of 1:100,000 when the 1:100,000-scale
 topographic map base was available...
 Land Use and Land Cover maps provide data to be used either by
 themselves or in combination with the other data sets produced in the
 program. The basic sources of land use compilation data are NASA
 high-altitude aerial photographs, and National High-Altitude Photography
 (NHAP) program photographs, usually at scales smaller than l:60,000. The
 l:250,000-scale topographic map series is generally used as the base map
 for the compilation of the Land Use and Land Cover maps and the
 associated overlays; 1:100,000-scale topographic map bases have been
 used on rare occasions. Although compilation of Land Use and Land Cover
 data is performed on a film-positive base usually enlarged to a scale of
 approximately l:l25,000, the associated overlays are both compiled and
 digitized at a scale of l:250,000. 
 Land Use and Land Cover data compilation is based upon the
 classification system and definitions of Level II Land Use and Land
 Cover [codes, (see below)]...  All features are delineated by curved or
 straight lines that depict the actual boundaries of the areas (polygons)
 being described. The minimum size of polygons depicting all Urban or
 Built-up Land (categories 11-17), Water (51-54), Confined Feeding
 Operations (23), Other Agricultural Land (24), Strip Mines, Quarries,
 and Gravel Pits (75) and urban Transitional areas (76), is 4 hectares
 (ha). All other categories of Land Use and Land Cover have a minimum
 polygon size of 16 ha. (Those sizes also are considered the minimum
 sizes to which polygons are digitized.) In the Urban or Built-up Land
 and Water categories, the minimum width of a feature to be shown is 200 m;
 (that is, if a square with sides 200 m in length is delineated, the
 area will be 4 ha). Although the minimum-width consideration precludes
 the delineation of very narrow and very long 4-ha polygons, triangles or
 other polygons are acceptable if the base of the triangle or minimum
 width of the polygon is 200 m in length and if the area of the polygon
 is 4 ha. Exceptions to this specification are limited access highways
 (14) and all double line rivers (51) on the 1:250,000-scale base which
 shall have a minimum width of 92 m. For categories other than Urban or
 Built-up Land and Water, the 16-ha minimum size for delineation requires
 a minimum-width polygon of 400 m. Line weight for delineating Land Use
 and Land Cover polygons and for neatlines is 0.l0 mm at the production
 scale of l:250,000."
--- end quote
LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CODES
These data sets represent land use and land cover using an integer value that references the Anderson level II classification system.
The first digit represents the level 1 land-use and land-cover code, and the second digit (ones place) represents a subdivision, or level 2 code.
The Anderson Level II land use codes used in this data set are listed below:

 1  Urban or built-up land

  11 Residental
  12 Commercial and services
  13 Industrial
  14 Transportation, communication, utilities
  15 Industrial and commercial complexes
  16 Mixed urban or built-up land
  17 Other urban or built-up land

 2  Agricultural land

  21 Cropland and pasture
  22 Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental horticultural
  23 Confined feeding operations
  24 Other agricultural land

 3  Rangeland

  31 Herbaceous rangeland
  32 Shrub and brush rangeland
  33 Mixed rangeland

 4  Forest land

  41 Deciduous forest land
  42 Evergreen forest land
  43 Mixed forest land

 5  Water

  51 Streams and canals
  52 Lakes
  53 Reservoirs
  54 Bays and estuaries

 6  Wetland

  61 Forested wetland
  62 Nonforested wetland

 7  Barren land

  71 Dry salt flats
  72 Beaches
  73 Sandy areas not beaches
  74 Bare exposed rock
  75 Strip mines, quarries, gravel pits
  76 Transitional areas
  77 Mixed Barren Land

 8  Tundra

  81 Shrub and brush tundra
  82 Herbaceous tundra
  83 Bare ground
  84 Wet tundra
  85 Mixed tundra

 9  Perennial snow or ice

  91 Perennial snowfields
  92 Glaciers
PROCESSING DETAILS
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) received the USGS land-use and and land-cover data files from USGS in 9-track ASCII format, one file per quadrangle. Files were loaded onto the hard disk of the computer from tape. The data were then processed with the GIRASARC2 program written in Arc Macro Language (AML), which is part of the ArcInfo Geographic Information System (GIS) software. This program was developed by the USGS to process the data into a consistent ArcInfo format.
The GIRASARC2 AML <http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/spdata/EPAGIRAS/meta/girasarc2.aml> program does the following:
 -- Converts the USGS data files to polygon coverage format.
 -- Reconstructs topology, creating line and polygon features.
 -- Linearly scales the map coordinates to UTM  using the registration points 
    listed in the USGS data file, and then modifies the coordinates to 
    Albers Equal Area projection.
 -- Generates a quadrangle boundary polygon based on the mathematically-determined
    corners of the map.
 -- Loads available documentation into a series of companion documentation
    files with each data set.
 
Another AML program (GIRASNEAT, <http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/spdata/EPAGIRAS/meta/girasneat.aml>) does the following:
 --clips the data to the neatline data set.
 --dissolves polygon boundaries between polygons with the same land use code.
 --snaps exterior arcs to the arcs of the neatline cover with a tolerance of
   40 meters.
Data were reviewed visually by the user responsible for executing the GIRASARC2 program.
The GIRASARC2 and GIRASNEAT programs were executed in AML to create each quadrangle data set.
The processing described above was completed by the USEPA in the early 1990s. In 2001, the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program needed a seamless data base of the conterminous United States, so data sets were further enhanced for use in the Program, as described below.
Additional land use and land cover data sets for Hawaii and one map sheet in Alaska were converted using the same AML programs and edited in a similar manner. The Hawaii data sets were joined together into a single data set as they all are documented with the same source date and are more easily handled as a single data file.
These data files were then further edited to correct land-use coding errors caused by the misplacement of labels have also been corrected by visual inspection, checking the codes against the original labels in the GIRAS data files and ancillary land-cover data sets. An AML menu-based application was used to assist in this process.
In addition to the processing describe above, the data were processed to fill in all gaps between quadrangles so that the data fits together seamlessly. The polygon data were then transformed so that the horizontal coordinate data reference the North American Datum of 1983. (The raw GIRAS-format data and the USEPA version of it is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927.) The geographic data files were also projected into geographic coordinates (decimal degrees of latitude and longitude). Additional polygon data sets that document the land-use and land-cover data sets in a geographic context were created from the USEPA quadrangle index coverages with further editing based on information in the USGS data files posted on the USGS FTP site at the USGS EROS Data Center at: <ftp://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/LULC> A summary of this effort was published as: Price, C., Naomi, N., Hitt, K., and Clawges, R., 2003, Mining GIRAS: Improving on a national treasure of land use data, _in_ Proceedings of the 2004 ESRI International User Conference, July 7-11, 2003, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands Calif., 11p., available online at <http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc03/p0904.pdf>
DATA FILE DESCRIPTIONS
Note that all data sets are referenced to the North American Datum of 1983.
1. tilepoly: Polygons representing each quadrangle tile.
2. src_poly: Polygons representing the extent of source files, with metadata about the source files used for each area. Some land-use files were merged from multiple GIRAS source files, some of which have different source dates.
3. gAABBB: Polygons for each 1:250,000 tile, where "AA" represents the latitude of the lower right corner and "BBB" represents the longitude of the lower right corner of the map tile. These tile names are referenced in the polygon attributes of the tilepoly and src_poly polygon data sets described above.
The polygon data sets above are distributed as a collection of related files that make up the publicly documented ESRI shapefile format:
 filename.shp ESRI shapefile geographic data file
 filename.shx ESRI shapefile index data file
 filename.dbf ESRI shapefile attribute file
 filename.prj "Well-Known-Text" (WTK) format projection file
 filename.shp..xml   metadata file 
The shapefiles use geographic (decimal degree) coordinate data referenced to the North American Datum of 1983.
4. girasX Raster-format data, stored in six image files, in GeoTIFF format (with georeferencing included in the internal image header file).
  IMAGE      XMIN     YMIN     XMAX     YMAX  DESCRIPTION
  giras1 -2380005  1874985       15  3200000  NW Conterminous US (Albers)
  giras2       15  1874985  2300000  3172005  NE Conterminous US (Albers)
  giras3 -2380005   199995       15  1874985  SW Conterminous US (Albers)
  giras4       15   199995  2300000  1874985  SE Conterminous US (Albers)
  giras5   369285  2081265  955575   2460585  Hawaii         (UTM Zone 4)
  giras6   499875 6762705   662145   6877755  Valdez, Alaska (UTM Zone 6)
The raster data sets are referenced to locations specified in projected coordinates (in meters). Image tiles giras1 through giras4 use standard parameters for the conterminous United States:
  Projection    ALBERS
  Datum         NAD83
  Units         METERS
  Spheroid      GRS1980
  Xshift        0.0000000000
  Yshift        0.0000000000
  Parameters
   29 30  0.000 /* 1st standard parallel
   45 30  0.000 /* 2nd standard parallel
  -96  0  0.000 /* central meridian
   23  0  0.000 /* latitude of projection's origin
  0.00000 /* false easting (meters)
  0.00000 /* false northing (meters)
giras5 (Hawaii) uses these projection parameters:
  Projection    UTM
  Zone          6
  Datum         NAD83
  Units         METERS
  Spheroid      GRS1980
giras6 (Valdez, Alaska) uses these projection parameters:
  Projection    UTM
  Zone          4
  Datum         NAD83
  Units         METERS
  Spheroid      GRS1980
The raster data sets are distributed as a collection of related files:
  girasX.tif  Tagged-Image Format File (TIFF) with GeoTIFF georeferencing
  girasX.tfw  ESRI "World file", used for georeferencing
  girasX.aux  ESRI "aux file" file used by ArcGIS software
  girasX.prj  ESRI ArcInfo projection file 
  girasX.tif.xml metadata file 
USGS DISCLAIMERS:
The use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in ArcInfo format, this metadata file may include some ArcInfo-specific terminology.
Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1970
Ending_Date: 1985
Currentness_Reference: publication date
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -87.429040
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -79.872251
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.983191
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.492815
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: NONE
Theme_Keyword: land
Theme_Keyword: landuse
Theme_Keyword: landcover
Theme_Keyword: GIRAS
Theme_Keyword: LULC
Theme_Keyword: digital
Theme_Keyword: geographic
Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsLandCover
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: United States
Place_Keyword: USA
Access_Constraints: NONE
Use_Constraints:
USGS Not for use at scales greater than 1:250,000. Please note the data set depicts historical land use and is not suitable for applications requiring current land use information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 507 National Center
City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 20192
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
<http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Data+Set+ds240_landuse_poly>
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: <http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/browse/ds240_landuse_poly.png>
Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Illustration of the data set.
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG
Data_Set_Credit:
U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Security_Information:
Security_Classification_System: None
Security_Classification: Unclassified
Security_Handling_Description: None
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.3000
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: James R. Anderson
Originator: Ernest E. Hardy
Originator: John T. Roach
Originator: Richard E. Witmer
Publication_Date: 1976
Title:
A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, USGS Professional Paper 964
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details:
Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the U.S. Geological Survey: polygon format files <http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/ds240_landuse_poly.xml>
Online_Linkage: <http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/pubs/pp/pp964>
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 1990
Title:
USGeoData 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 Scale Land Use and Land Cover and Associated Maps Digital Data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: <http://edc.usgs.gov/products/landcover/lulc.html>
Online_Linkage: <http://landcover.usgs.gov>
Online_Linkage: <http://www.vterrain.org/Culture/LULC/Data_Users_Guide_4.html>
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Publication_Date: 1994
Title: epagiras
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Washington, DC, USA
Publisher: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Online_Linkage: <http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/spdata/EPAGIRAS/>

Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
GeoPlan relied on the integrity of the attribute information within the original data.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
USGS Polygon consistency checked in ArcInfo. (No overlaps or seams present.)
Completeness_Report:
USGS Visually checked against land use and land cover data sets.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
This data is provided 'as is' and its horizontal positional accuracy has not been verified by GeoPlan
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
This data is provided 'as is' and its vertical positional accuracy has not been verified by GeoPlan
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 1990
Title:
USGeoData 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 Scale Land Use and Land Cover and Associated Maps Digital Data
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, Virginia
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details: giras
Online_Linkage: <http://landcover.usgs.gov>
Source_Scale_Denominator: 250000
Type_of_Source_Media: Online
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 1970
Ending_Date: 1985
Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition (air photographs collected c. 1970-1985)
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS
Source_Contribution: Spatial and Attribute Information
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The data was reformatted from the USGS published information to ArcInfo coverage format, edited and polygon topology built, followed by conversion to ArcInfo EXPORT format.
See Supplemental_Information element of this metadata record more details.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS
Process_Date: 20030101
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Edward Partington
Contact_Organization: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Contact_Position: Computer Specialist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 401 M St SW
City: Washington
State_or_Province: DC
Postal_Code: 20460
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (202) 260-3106
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (202) 401-8390
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: partington.ed@epamail.epa.gov
Contact_Instructions: email or phone
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The ArcInfo EXPORT format data sets were retrieved from the EPA server, and edited by USGS to correct minor attribute and geography errors, followed by coordinate projection and data format translation. The final data set is seamless and very closely match together at quad boundaries (although exact edgematching processing was not done, only tiny gaps exist between quadrangle tiles).
The quadrangles from Alaska and Hawaii were not available from EPA's collection of EXPORT files. They were downloaded from the USGS EROS ftp site at <ftp://edcftp.cr.usgs.gov/pub/data/LULC>. The GIRAS format files were converted to ArcInfo Coverage format. The Hawaii files were into a single data ArcInfo coverage, which was given the tile label G18154.
This work was completed by Curtis Price, Naomi Nakagaki, Kerie Hitt, and Rick Clawges in support of the USGS National Water-Quality Assessment Program. A description of this process has been published in
Price, C., Naomi, N., Hitt, K., and Clawges, R., 2003, Mining GIRAS: Improving on a national treasure of land use data, in Proceedings of the 2004 ESRI International User Conference, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands Calif. [on-line] (Accessed November 3, 2004, from <http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc03/p0904.pdf>)
"name".dbf where "name" a geographic identifier of the form "GAABBB", where "AA" is that latitude and "BB" is the longitude of the lower right corner of the tile covered by the data set.
See the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for more details.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: USGS
Process_Date: 20030101
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 507 National Center
City: Reston
State_or_Province: VA
Postal_Code: 20192
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address:
<http://answers.usgs.gov/cgi-bin/gsanswers?pemail=h2oteam&subject=GIS+Data+Set+ds240_landuse_poly>
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The GeoPlan Center downloaded the USGS Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets from the following website on February 3rd, 2011.
USGS DS 240: Enhanced Historical Land-Use and Land-Cover Data Sets of the U.S. Geological Survey Data download index <http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/dsdl/ds240/index.html>
GeoPlan downloaded the following Land Use and Land Cover Data Set Tiles (polygon format).
g26080: WEST PALM BEACH g25080: MIAMI g24080: KEY WEST g24082: KEY WEST INSERT g26082: TAMPA g27080: FT. PIERCE g28082: PLANT CITY g28080: ORLANDO g29084: APPALACHICOLA g29082: GAINESVILLE g29080: DAYTONA BEACH g30086: PENSACOLA g30084: TALLAHASSEE g30082: VALDOSTA g30080: JACKSONVILLE
When downloaded the files were in the following naming convention format example: g24080.shp
All files were also in the following projection:
Original Spatial Reference Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Geographic: Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001 Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222
All files were reprojected to the FGDL Albers projection.
Next all the files were merged to create one statewide layer.
Next the Integrate Command was run at a tolerance of 1m, then the Repair Geometry Command was then run to fix any geometry issues resulting from the Integrate procedure.
A Dissolve was then performed on the LUCODE field to clean up tile borders.
Below is the original USGS file structure:
Original Attribute Table Codes and Values:
Item Item Description LUCODE Land use classification code number
LANDUSE Land use and land cover class description
Below is the crosswalk table between the original file structure and the new file structure: ORIGINAL NAME NEW NAME LUCODE OTHER LANDUSE FLUCSDESC
Additionally GeoPlan added and populated the following fields:
FLUCCS LUCODE1 LANDUSE1 LUCODE2 LANDUSE2 DATESTAMP SOURCE SOURCE2 FLUCCS_L1 LEVEL1 FLUCCS_L2 LEVEL2 FLUCCS_L3 LEVEL3 FLUCCSCOMP ACRES DESCRIPT FGDLAQDATE
One error was noted and fixed. For the entire State of Florida there was only one feature with the land use land cover value of 71 (Dry salt flats). Parcel data was reviewed for this area and it was determined that the location contained homes built in the 1960's before the original study was performed. Based on this evidence the feature's value was updated to 11 (Residential).
Please note: The field names in the original attribute table from the USGS were renamed by the GeoPlan Center. The original field names from the USGS are listed in the Process Steps (Data Quality Section) and in the Attribute Definitions (Entity and Attribute Information section). All land use datasets distributed via FGDL will contain these standardized field names, for ease of using land use data at the statewide extent. This is an update to the FGDL USGSLU_1974.shp data layer.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: GeoPlan
Process_Date: 20110203

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 63822

Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Planar:
Map_Projection:
Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area
Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:
Standard_Parallel: 24.000000
Standard_Parallel: 31.500000
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -84.000000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 24.000000
False_Easting: 400000.000000
False_Northing: 0.000000
Planar_Coordinate_Information:
Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair
Coordinate_Representation:
Abscissa_Resolution: 0.002048
Ordinate_Resolution: 0.002048
Planar_Distance_Units: meters
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Altitude_System_Definition:
Altitude_Resolution: 1.000000
Altitude_Encoding_Method:
Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: LU_USGS_1974
Entity_Type_Definition: LU_USGS_1974.DBF
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: OBJECTID
Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number.
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Shape
Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry.
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCCS
Attribute_Definition:
The land use and land cover classification code as defined in the Florida DOT's FLUCCS classification system.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: OTHER
Attribute_Definition:
Land use classification code number, derived from the original USGS field LUCODE.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCSDESC
Attribute_Definition:
Land use and land cover class description, derived from the original USGS field LANDUSE
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LUCODE1
Attribute_Definition: Level 1 Land use classification code number
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 1
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Urban or built-up land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 2
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Agricultural land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 3
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Rangeland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 4
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Forest land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 5
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Water
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 6
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Wetland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 7
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Barren land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 8
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Tundra
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 9
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Perennial snow or ice
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level I land use codes
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LANDUSE1
Attribute_Definition: Level 1 Land use and land cover class description
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LUCODE2
Attribute_Definition: Level 2 Land use classification code number
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 11
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Residental
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 12
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Commercial and services
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 13
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Industrial
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 14
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Transportation, communication, utilities
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 15
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Industrial and commercial complexes
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 16
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Mixed urban or built-up land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 17
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Other urban or built-up land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 21
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Cropland and pasture
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 22
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition:
Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental horticultural
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 23
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Confined feeding operations
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 24
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Other agricultural land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 31
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Herbaceous rangeland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 32
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Shrub and brush rangeland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 33
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Mixed rangeland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 41
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Deciduous forest land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 42
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Evergreen forest land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 43
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Mixed forest land
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 51
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Streams and canals
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 52
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Lakes
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 53
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Reservoirs
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 54
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Bays and estuaries
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 61
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Forested wetland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 62
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Nonforested wetland
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 72
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Beaches
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 73
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Sandy areas not beaches
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 75
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Strip mines, quarries, gravel pits
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Enumerated_Domain:
Enumerated_Domain_Value: 76
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition: Transitional areas
Enumerated_Domain_Value_Definition_Source: Anderson Level II land use codes
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LANDUSE2
Attribute_Definition: Level 2 Land use and land cover class description
Attribute_Definition_Source: GIRAS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: DATESTAMP
Attribute_Definition: The date the feature was last edited.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: SOURCE
Attribute_Definition: Primary Contributing Source of Coverage/Origin
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: SOURCE2
Attribute_Definition: Other Contributing Source.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCCS_L1
Attribute_Definition:
The highest level (level 1) designation in a hierarchical coding scheme containing 4 levels.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LEVEL1
Attribute_Definition:
Level 1 land use description, based on the FDOT classification schema.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCCS_L2
Attribute_Definition:
The second highest level (level 2) designation in a hierarchical coding scheme containing 4 levels.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LEVEL2
Attribute_Definition:
Level 2 land use description, based on the FDOT classification schema.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCCS_L3
Attribute_Definition:
The third highest level (level 3) designation in a hierarchical coding scheme containing 4 levels.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LEVEL3
Attribute_Definition:
Level 3 land use description, based on the FDOT classification schema. There is a possibility that the FDOT Level 3 description does not match that of the Water Management District, for those occurrences this discrepancy has been identified in the FLUCCSCOMP field.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FLUCCSCOMP
Attribute_Definition:
This field represents a comparison between the dataset's FLUCCS code description and the FDOT FLUCCS code description. Where these two descriptions differed a number one was inserted.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: ACRES
Attribute_Definition: Number of Acres.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: DESCRIPT
Attribute_Definition: Based on field FLUCSDESC.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FGDLAQDATE
Attribute_Definition: The date FGDL acquired the data from the Source.
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: AUTOID
Attribute_Definition: Unique ID added by GeoPlan
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: SHAPE.AREA
Attribute_Definition: Area in meters
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: SHAPE.LEN
Attribute_Definition: Length in meters
Attribute_Definition_Source: GeoPlan
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
A Land Use And Land Cover Classification System For Use With Remote Sensor Data
By JAMES R. ANDERSON, ERNEST E. HARDY, JOHN T. ROACH, and RICHARD E. WITMER Geological Survey Professional Paper 964 A revision of the land use classification system as presented in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 671 United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976 United States Department of the Interior James G. Watt, Secretary Geological Survey Dallas L. Peck Director First Printing 1976 Conversion to Digital 2001 (Optical Character Recognition)
Definitions Urban or Built-up Land Agricultural Land Rangeland Forest Land Water Wetland Barren Land
1. URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND Urban or Built-up Land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities, and areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in some instances, be isolated from urban areas. As development progresses, land having less intensive or nonconforming use may be located in the midst of Urban or Built-up areas and will generally be included in this category. Agricultural land, forest, wetland, or water areas on the fringe of Urban or Built-up areas will not be included except where they are surrounded and dominated by urban development. The Urban or Builtup category takes precedence over others when the criteria for more than one category are met. For example, residential areas that have sufficient tree cover to meet Forest Land criteria will be placed in the Residential category.
11. RESIDENTIAL Residential land uses range from high density, represented by the multiple-unit structures of urban cores, to low density, where houses are on lots of more than an acre,, on the periphery of urban expansion. Linear residential developments along transportation routes extending outward from urban areas should be included as residential appendages to urban centers, but care must be taken to distinguish them from commercial strips in the same locality. The residential strips generally have a uniform size and spacing of structures, linear driveways, and lawn areas; the commercial strips are more likely to have buildings of different sizes and spacing, large driveways, and parking areas. Residential development along shorelines is also linear and sometimes extends back only one residential parcel from the shoreline to the first road. Areas of sparse residential land use, such as farmsteads, will be included in categories to which they are related unless an appropriate compilation scale is being used to indicate such uses separately Rural residential and recreational subdivisions, however, are included in this category, since the land is almost totally committed to residential use, even though it may have forest or range types of cover. In some places, the boundary will be clear where new housing developments abut against intensively used agricultural areas, but the boundary may be vague and difficult to discern when residential development occurs in small isolated units over an area of mixed or less intensive uses. A careful evaluation of density and the overall relation of the area to the total urban complex must be made. Residential sections which are integral parts of other uses may be difficult to identify. Housing situations such as those existing on military bases, at colleges and universities, living quarters for laborers near a work base, or lodging for employees of agricultural field operations or resorts thus would be placed within the Industrial, Agricultural, or Commercial and Services categories.
12. COMMERCIAL AND SERVICES Commercial areas are those used predominantly for the sale of products and services. They are often abutted by, residential, agricultural, or other contrasting uses which help define them. Components of the Commercial and Services category are urban central business districts; shopping centers, usually in suburban and outlying areas; commercial strip developments along major highways and access routes to cities; junkyards; resorts; and so forth. The main buildings, secondary structures, and areas supporting the basic use are all included office buildings, warehouses, driveways, sheds, parking lots, landscaped areas, and waste disposal areas. Commercial areas may include some noncommercial uses too small to be separated out. Central business districts commonly include some institutions, such as churches and schools, and commercial strip developments may include some residential units. When these noncommercial uses exceed one-third-of the total commercial area, the Mixed Urban or Builtup category should be used. There is no separate category for recreational land uses at Level II since most recreational activity is pervasive throughout many other land uses. Selected areas are predominantly recreation oriented, and some of the more distinctive occurrences such as drive-in theaters can. be identified on remote sensor imagery. Most recreational activity, however, necessarily will be identified using supplemental information. Recreational facilities that form an integral part of an institution should be included in this category. There is usually a major visible difference in the form of parking facilities, arrangements for traffic flow, and the general association of buildings and facilities. The intensively developed sections of recreational areas would be included in the Commercial and Services category, but extensive parts of golf courses, riding areas, ski areas, and so forth would be included in the Other Urban or Built-up category. Institutional land uses, such as the various educational, religious, health, correctional, and military facilities are also components of this category. All buildings, grounds, and parking lots that compose the facility are included within the institutional unit, but areas not specifically related to the purpose of the institution should be placed in the appropriate category. Auxiliary land uses, particularly residential, commercial and services, and other supporting land uses on a military base would be included in this category, but agricultural] areas not specifically associated with correctional], educational, or religious institutions are placed in the appropriate agricultural category. Small institutional units, as, for example, many churches and some secondary and elementary schools, would be mappable only at large scales and will usually be included within another category, such as Residential.
13. INDUSTRIAL Industrial areas include a wide array of land uses from light manufacturing to heavy manufacturing plants. Identification of light industries those focused on design, assembly, finishing, processing, and packaging of products can often be based on the type of building, parking, and shipping arrangements. Light industrial areas may be, but are not necessarily, directly in contact with urban areas; many are now found at airports or in relatively open country. Heavy industries use raw materials such as iron ore, timber, or coal. Included are steel mills, pulp and lumber mills, electric power generating stations, oil refineries and tank farms, chemical plants, and brick making plants. Stockpiles of raw materials and waste-product disposal areas are usually visible, along with transportation facilities capable of handling heavy materials. Surface structures associated with mining operations are included in this category. Surface structures and equipment may range from a minimum of a loading device and trucks to extended areas with access roads, processing facilities, stockpiles, storage sheds, and numerous vehicles. Spoil material and slag heaps usually are found within a short trucking distance of the major mine areas and may be the key indicator of underground mining operations. Uniform identification of all these diverse extractive uses is extremely difficult from remote sensor data alone. Areas of future reserves are included in the appropriate present-use category, such as Agricultural Land or Forest Land, regardless of the expected future use.
14. TRANSPORTATI0N, COMMUNICATIONS, AND UTILITIES The land uses included in the Transportation, Communications, and Utilities category occur to some degree within all of the other Urban or Buildup categories and actually can be found within many other categories. Unless they can be mapped separately at whatever scale is being employed, they usually are considered an integral part of the land use within which they occur. For that reason, any statistical summary of the area of land uses in this category typically represents only a partial data set. Statistical area summaries of such land uses aggregated from Levels III and IV, though, would include more accurate area estimates. Major transportation routes and areas greatly influence other land uses, and many land use boundaries are outlined by them. The types and extent of transportation facilities in a locality determine the degree of access and affect both the present and potential use of the area. Highways and railways are characterized by areas of activity connected in linear patterns. The highways include rights-of-way, areas used for interchanges, and service and terminal facilities. Rail facilities include stations, parking lots, roundhouses, repair and switching yards, and related areas, as well as overland track and spur connections of sufficient width for delineation at mapping scale. Airports, seaports, and major lake ports are isolated areas of high utilization, usually with no well-defined intervening connections, although some ports are connected by canals. Airport facilities include the runways, intervening land, terminals, service buildings, navigation aids, fuel storage, parking lots, and a limited buffer zone. Terminal facilities generally include the associated freight and warehousing functions. Small airports (except those on rotated farmland), heliports, and land associated with seaplane bases may be identified if mapping scale permits. Port areas include the docks, shipyards, drydocks, locks, and waterway control structures. Communications and utilities areas such as those involved in processing, treatment, and transportation of water, gas, oil, and electricity and areas used for airwave communications are also included in this category. Pumping stations, electric substations, and areas used for radio, radar, or television antennas are the major types. Small facilities, or those associated with an industrial or commercial land use, are included within the larger category with which they are associated. Long-distance gas, oil, electric, telephone, water, or other transmission facilities rarely constitute the dominant use of the lands with which they are associated.
15. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL COMPLEXES The Industrial and Commercial Complexes category includes those industrial and commercial land uses that typically occur together or in close functional proximity. Such areas commonly are labeled with terminology such as "Industrial Park," but since functions such as warehousing, wholesaling, and occasionally retailing may be found in the same structures or nearby, the more inclusive category title has been adopted. Industrial and Commercial complexes have a definite remote sensor image signature which allows their separation from other Urban or Built-up land uses. Because of their intentional development as discrete units of land use, they may border on a wide variety of other land use types, from Residential Land to Agricultural Land to Forest Land. If the separate functions included in the category are identified at Levels III or IV using supplemental data or with ground survey, the land use researcher has the discretion of aggregating these functions into the appropriate Level II Urban or Built-up categories or retaining the unit as an Industrial and Commercial Complex.
16. MIXED URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND The Mixed Urban or Built-up category is used for a mixture of Level II Urban or Built-up uses where individual uses cannot be separated at mapping scale. Where more than one-third intermixture of another use or uses occurs in a specific area, it is classified as Mixed Urban or Built-up Land. Where the intermixed land use or uses total less than one-third of the specific area, the category appropriate to the dominant land use is applied. This category typically includes developments along transportation routes and in cities, towns, and builtup areas where separate land uses cannot be mapped individually. Residential, Commercial, Industrial, and occasionally other land uses may be included. A mixture of industrial and commercial uses in Industrial and Commercial Complexes as defined in category 15 are not included in this category. Farmsteads intermixed with strip or cluster settlements will be included within the built-up land, but other agricultural land uses should be excluded.
17. OTHER URBAN OR BUILT-UP LAND Other Urban or Built-up Land typically consists of uses such as golf driving ranges, zoos, urban parks, cemeteries, waste dumps, water-control structures and spillways, the extensive parts of such uses as golf courses and ski areas, and undeveloped land within an urban setting. Open land may be in very intensive use but a use that does not require structures, such as urban playgrounds, botanical gardens, or arboreta. The use of descriptions such as "idle land," "vacant land," or "open land" should be avoided in categorizing undeveloped lands within urban areas on the basis of the use of remote sensor data, since information generally is not available to the interpreter to make such a refinement in categorization.
2. AGRICULTURAL LAND Agricultural Land may be defined broadly as land used primarily for production of food and fiber. On high-altitude imagery, the chief indications of agricultural activity will be distinctive geometric field and road patterns on the landscape and the traces produced by livestock or mechanized equipment. However, pasture and other lands where such equipment is used infrequently may not show as well defined shapes as other areas. These distinctive geometric patterns are also characteristic of Urban or Built-up Lands because of street layout and development by blocks. Distinguishing between Agricultural and Urban or Built-up Lands ordinarily should be possible on the basis of urban-activity indicators and the associated concentration of population. The number of building complexes is smaller and the density of the road and highway network is much lower in Agricultural Land than in Urban or Built-up Land. Some urban land uses, such as parks and large cemeteries, however, may be mistaken for Agricultural Land, especially when they occur on the periphery of the urban areas. The interface of Agricultural Land with other categories of land use may sometimes be a transition zone in which there is an intermixture of land uses at first and second levels of categorization. Where farming activities are limited by wetness, the exact boundary also may be difficult to locate, and Agricultural Land may grade into Wetland. When the production of agricultural crops is not hindered by wetland conditions, such cropland should be included in the Agricultural category. This latter stipulation also includes those cases in which agricultural crop production depends on wetland conditions, such as the flooding of ricefields or the development of cranberry bogs. When lands produce economic commodities as a function of their wild state such as wild rice, cattails, or certain forest products 'commonly associated with wetland, however, they should be included in the Wetland category. Similarly, when wetlands are drained for agricultural purposes, they should be included in the Agricultural Land category. When such drainage enterprises fall into disuse and if wetland vegetation is reestablished, the land reverts to the Wetland category. The Level II categories of Agricultural Land are: Cropland and Pasture; Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental Horticultural Areas; Confined Feeding Operations; and Other Agricultural Land.
21. CROPLAND AND PASTURE The several components of Cropland and Pasture now used for agricultural statistics include: cropland harvested, including bush fruits; cultivated summer fallow and idle cropland; land on which crop failure occurs; cropland in soil- improvement grasses and legumes; cropland used only for pasture in rotation with crops; and pasture on land more or less permanently used for that purpose. From imagery alone, it generally is not possible to make a distinction between Cropland and Pasture with a high degree of accuracy and uniformity, let alone a distinction among the various components of Cropland (Hardy, Belcher, and Phillips, 1971). Moreover, some of the components listed represent the condition of the land at the end of the growing season and will not apply exactly to imagery taken at other times of the year. They will, however, be a guide to identification of Cropland and Pasture. Brushland in the Eastern States, typically used to some extent for pasturing cattle, is included in the Shrub- Brushland Rangeland category since the grazing activity is usually not discernible on remote sensor imagery appropriate to Levels I and II. This activity possibly might be distinguished on low-altitude imagery. Such grazing activities generally occur on land where crop production or intensive pasturing has ceased, for any of a variety of reasons, and which has grown up in brush. Such brushlands often are used for grazing, somewhat analogous to the extensive use of rangelands in the West. Certain factors vary throughout the United States, and this variability also must be recognized; field size depends on topography, soil types, sizes of farms, kinds of crops and pastures, capital investment, labor availability, and other conditions. Irrigated land in the Western States is recognized easily in contrast to Rangeland, but in the Eastern States, irrigation by use of overhead sprinklers generally cannot be detected from imagery unless distinctive circular patterns are created. Drainage or water control on land used for cropland and pasture also may create a recognizable pattern that may aid in identification of the land use. In areas of quick-growing crops, a field may appear to be in nonagricultural use unless the temporary nature of the inactivity is recognized.
22. ORCHARDS, GROVES, VINEYARDS, NURSERIES, AND ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURAL AREAS Orchards, groves, and vineyards produce the various fruit and nut crops. Nurseries and horticultural areas, which include floricultural and seed-and-sod areas and some greenhouses, are used perennially for those purposes. Tree nurseries which provide seedlings for plantation forestry also are included here. Many of these areas may be included in another category, generally Cropland and Pasture, when identification is made by use of small-scale imagery alone. Identification may be aided by recognition of the combination of soil qualities, topography, and local climatological factors needed for these operations: water bodies in close proximity which moderate the effects of short duration temperature fluctuations; site selection for air drainage on sloping land; and deep well-drained soils on slopes moderate enough to permit use of machinery. Isolated small orchards, such as the fruit trees on the family farm, usually are not recognizable on high-altitude imagery and are, therefore, not included.
23. CONFINED FEEDING OPERATIONS Confined Feeding Operations are large, specialized livestock production enterprises, chiefly beef cattle feedlots, dairy operations with confined feeding, and large poultry farms, but also including hog feedlots. These operations have large animal populations restricted to relatively small areas. The result is a concentration of waste material that is an environmental concern. The waste-disposal problems justify a separate category for these relatively small areas. Confined Feeding Operations have a built-up appearance, chiefly composed of buildings, much fencing, access paths, and waste-disposal areas. Some are located near an urban area to take advantage of transportation facilities and proximity to processing plants. Excluded are shipping corrals and other temporary holding facilities. Such occurrences as thoroughbred horse farms generally do not have the animal population densities which would place them in this category.
24. OTHER AGRICULTURAL LAND Other land uses typically associated with the first three categories of Agricultural Land are the principal components of the Other Agricultural Land category. They include farmsteads, holding areas for livestock such as corrals, breeding and training facilities on horse farms, farm lanes and roads, ditches and canals, small farm ponds, and similar uses. Such occurrences generally are quite small in area and often uninterruptible by use of high-altitude data. Even when they are interpretable from such data, it may not be feasible to map them at smaller presentation scales, which generally results in their inclusion with adjacent agricultural use areas. This category should also be used for aggregating data for land uses derived at more detailed levels of classification.
3. RANGELAND Rangeland historically has been defined as land where the potential natural vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs and where natural herbivory was an important influence in its pre-civilization state. Management techniques which associate soil, water, and forage-vegetation resources are more suitable for rangeland management than are practices generally used in managing pastureland. Some rangelands have been or may be seeded to introduced or domesticated plant species. Most of the rangelands in the United States are in the western range, the area to the west of an irregular north-south line that cuts through the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Rangelands also are found in certain places historically not included in the western range, such as the Flint Hills, the Southeastern States, and Alaska. The historical connotation of Rangeland is expanded in this classification to include those areas in the Eastern States which commonly are called brushlands. The Level II categories of Rangeland are: Herbaceous Range, Shrub and Brush Rangeland, and Mixed Rangeland.
31. HERBACEOUS RANGELAND The Herbaceous Rangeland category encompasses lands dominated by naturally occurring grasses and forbs as well as those areas of actual rangeland which have been modified to include grasses and forbs as their principal cover, when the land is managed for rangeland purposes and not managed using practices typical of pastureland. It includes the tall grass (or true prairie), short grass, bunch grass or palouse grass, and desert grass regions. Respectively, these grass regions represent a sequence of declining amounts of available moisture. Most of the tall grass region has been plowed for agriculture and the remaining tall grass range is now in North Dakota, Nebraska, southern Kansas and Oklahoma, and the Texas Coastal Plain. Short grass rangeland occurs in a strip about 300 miles (500 km) wide from the Texas Panhandle northward to the Dakotas where it widens to cover the western half of the Dakotas, the eastern threefourths of Montana, and the eastern third of Wyoming. Bunch grass and desert grass are found in many locations, representing transitional situations to desert shrub. Typical occurrences of grasslands include such species as the various bluestems (Andropogon) grama grasses (Bouteloua) wheatgrasses (Agropyron), needlegrasses (Stipa), and fescues (Festuca) This category also includes the palmetto prairie areas of south-central Florida, which consist mainly of dense stands of medium length and tall grasses such as wiregrass (Aristida stricta) and saw palmettos (Seronoa ripens), interspersed occasional palms (Sabal palmetto), and shrubs (Shelford, 1963). Those palmetto prairie areas now in improved pasture would not be included in this category, nor would the herbaceous varieties of tundra vegetation.
32. SHRUB AND BRUSH RANGELAND The typical shrub occurrences are found in those arid and semiarid regions characterized by such xerophytic vegetative types with woody stems as big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), or creosotebush (Larrea divaricata) and also by the typical desert succulent xerophytes, such as the various forms of Cactus (Kuchler, 1964). When bottom lands and moist flats are characterized by dense stands of typical wetland species such as mesquite (Prosopis), they are considered Wetland. Where highly alkaline soils are present, halophytes such as desert saltbush (Atriplex) may occur. The type, density, and association of these various species are useful as indicators of the local hydrologic and pedologic environments. Also included in this category are chaparral, a dense mixture of broadleaf evergreen schlerophyll shrubs, and the occurrences of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) and scrub oaks (Quercus). The eastern brushlands are typically former croplands or pasture lands (cleared from original forest land) which now have grown up in brush in transition back to forest land to the extent that they are no longer identifiable as cropland or pasture from remote sensor imagery. Many of these brushlands are grazed in an extensive manner by livestock and provide wildlife habitat. These areas usually remain as part of the farm enterprise, even though not being used at their former levels of intensity. Eastern brushland areas traditionally have not been included in the rangeland concept because of their original forested state prior to clearing for cropland or pasture and generally have been summarized statistically with pastureland. Because they function now primarily as extensive grazing land, they are included here as part of the Rangeland category. After sufficient forest growth has occurred, they should be classified as either Deciduous, Evergreen, or Mixed Forest Land. Those occurrences of shrubs and brush which are part of the Tundra are not included under Rangeland.
33. MIXED RANGELAND When more than one-third intermixture of either herbaceous or shrub and brush rangeland species occurs in a specific area, it is classified as Mixed Rangeland. Where the intermixed land use or uses total less than one-third of the specific area, the category appropriate to the dominant type of Rangeland is applied. Mixtures of herbaceous and shrub or brush tundra plants are not considered Rangeland.
4. FOREST LAND Forest Lands have a tree-crown areal density (crown closure percentage) of 10 percent or more, are stocked with trees capable of producing timber or other wood products, and exert an influence on the climate or water regime. Forest Land generally can be identified rather easily on high-altitude imagery, although the boundary between it and other categories of land may be difficult to delineate precisely. Lands from which trees have been removed to less than 10 percent crown closure but which have not been developed for other uses also are included. For example, lands on which there are rotation cycles of clearcutting and blockplanting are part of Forest Land. On such lands, when trees reach marketable size, which for pulpwood in the Southeastern United States may occur in 2 to 3 decades, there will be large areas that have little or no visible forest growth. The pattern can sometimes be identified by the presence of cutting operations in the midst of a large expanse of forest. Unless there is evidence of other use, such areas of little or no forest growth should be included in the Forest Land category. Forest land which is grazed extensively, as in the Southeastern States, would be included in this category because the dominant cover is forest and the dominant activities are forest related. Such activities could form the basis for Levels III or IV categorization •. Lands that meet the requirements for Forest Land and also for an Urban or Built-up category should be placed in the latter category. The only exceptions in classifying Forest Land are those areas which would otherwise be classified as Wetland if not for the forest cover. Since the wet condition is of much interest to land managers and planning groups and is so important as an environmental surrogate and control, such lands are classified as Forested Wetland. Auxiliary concepts associated with Forest Land, such as wilderness reservation, water conservation, or ownership classification, are not detectable using remote sensor data. Such concepts may be used for creating categories at the more detailed levels when supplemental information is available. At Level II, Forest Land is divided into three categories: Deciduous, Evergreen, and Mixed. To differentiate these three categories effectively, sequential data, or at least data acquired during the period when deciduous trees are bare, generally will be necessary.
41. DECIDUOUS FOREST LAND Deciduous Forest Land includes all forested areas having a predominance of trees that lose their leaves at the end of the frost-free season or at the beginning of a dry season. In most parts of the United States, these would be the hardwoods such as oak (Quercus), maple (Acer), or hickory (Carya) and the "soft" hardwoods, such as aspen (Populus tremuloides) (Shelford, 1963). Tropical hardwoods are included in the Evergreen Forest Land category. Deciduous forest types characteristic of Wetland, such as tupelo (Nyssa) or cottonwood (Populus deltoids), also are not included in this category.
42. EVERGREEN FOREST LAND Evergreen Forest Land includes all forested areas in which the trees are predominantly those which remain green throughout the year. Both coniferous and broadleaved evergreens are included in this category. In most areas, the coniferous evergreens predominate, but some of the forests of Hawaii are notable exceptions. The coniferous evergreens are commonly referred to or classified as softwoods. They include such eastern species as the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) slash pine (Pinus ellioti), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and other southern yellow pines; various spruces (Picea) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); white pine (Pinus strobus), red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana); and hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); and such western species as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), ponderosa pine (Pinus monticola), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni), western redcedar (Tsuga plicata), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylia)(Shelford, 1963). Evergreen species commonly associated with Wetland, such as tamarack (Larix laricina) or black spruce (Picea mariana) are not included in this category ( Kuchler, 1964).
43. MIXED FOREST LAND Mixed Forest Land includes all forested areas where both evergreen and deciduous trees are growing and neither predominates. When more than one third intermixture of either evergreen or deciduous species occurs in a specific area, it is classified as Mixed Forest Land. Where the intermixed land use or uses total less than one-third of the specified area, the category appropriate to the dominant type of Forest Land is applied, whether Deciduous or Evergreen.
5. WATER The delineation of water areas depends on the scale of data presentation and the scale and resolution characteristics of the remote sensor data used for interpretation of land use and land cover. (Water as defined by the Bureau of the Census includes all areas within the land mass of the United States that persistently are water covered, provided that, if linear, they are at least 1/8 mile (200 m) wide and, if extended, cover at least 40 acres (16 hectares) .) For many purposes, agencies need information on the size and number of water bodies smaller than Bureau of the Census minimums. These frequently can be obtained from small-scale remote sensor data with considerable accuracy.
51. STREAMS AND CANALS The Streams and Canals category includes rivers, creeks, canals, and other linear water bodies. Where the water course is interrupted by a control structure, the impounded area will be placed in the Reservoirs category. The boundary between streams and other bodies of water is the straight line across the mouth of the stream up to 1 nautical mile (1.85 km). Beyond that limit, the classification of the water body changes to the appropriate category, whether it be Lakes, Reservoirs, or Bays and Estuaries. These latter categories are used only if the water body is considered to be "inland water " and therefore included in the total area of the United States. No category is applied to waters classified as "other than inland water " or offshore marine waters beyond the mouths of rivers '(U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970).
52. LAKES Lakes are nonflowing, naturally enclosed bodies of water, including regulated natural lakes but excluding reservoirs. Islands that are too small to delineate should be included in the water area. The delineation of a lake should be based on the areal extent of water at the time the remote sensor data are acquired.
53. RESERVOIRS Reservoirs are artificial impoundments of water used for irrigation, flood control, municipal water supplies, recreation, hydroelectric power generation, and so forth. Dams, levees, other water-control structures, or the excavation itself usually will be evident to aid in the identification, although the water control structures themselves and spillways are included in the Other Urban or Built-up Land category. In most cases, reservoirs serve multiple purposes and may include all of the land use functions just mentioned. In certain cases like the Tennessee River, the entire length of the trunk stream is impounded. In such a situation, the stream exists as a stairstep series of impoundments with waterway, flood- control, recreation, and power-generation functions but is still considered a reservoir, since the additional functions are the result of impoundment.
54. BAYS AND ESTUARIES Bays and Estuaries are inlets or arms of the sea that extend inland. They are included in this system only when they are considered to be inland water and therefore are included within the total area of the United States. Those bay and estuarine water areas classified as "other than inland water" are not included within the total area of the United States. These "other than inland water" areas are adjacent to certain States and fall under their jurisdiction. They occur in primary bodies of water such as the Atlantic Ocean coastal waters, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, Long Island Sound, Gulf of Mexico, Pacific Ocean coastal waters, Puget Sound, the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Euca, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Arctic Ocean coastal waters, and the Great Lakes (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970). Only those bays and estuaries classified as inland water are included in this category. No category is applied to offshore waters beyond the limits of Bays and Estuaries.
6. WETLAND Wetlands are those areas where the water table is at, near, or above the land surface for a significant part of most years. The hydrologic regime is such that aquatic or hydrophytic vegetation usually is established, although alluvial and tidal flats may be nonvegetated. Wetlands frequently are associated with topographic lows, even in mountainous regions. Examples of wetlands include marshes, mudflats, and swamps situated on the shallow margins of bays, lakes, ponds, streams, and manmade impoundments such as reservoirs. They include wet meadows or perched bogs in high mountain valleys and seasonally wet or flooded basins, playas, or potholes with no surface-water outflow. Shallow water areas where aquatic vegetation is submerged are classed as open water and are not included in the Wetland category. Extensive parts of some river flood plains qualify as Wetlands, as do regularly flooded irrigation overflow areas. These do not include agricultural land where seasonal wetness or short-term flooding may provide an important component of the total annual soil moisture necessary for crop production. Areas in which soil wetness or flooding is so short-lived that no typical wetlands vegetation is developed properly belong in other categories. Cultivated wetlands such as the flooded fields associated with rice production and developed cranberry bogs are classified as Agricultural Land. Uncultivated wetlands from which wild rice, cattails, or wood products, and so forth are harvested, or wetlands grazed by livestock, are retained in the Wetland category. Remote sensor data provide the primary source of land use and vegetative cover information for the more generalized levels of this classification system. Vegetation types and detectable surface water or soil moisture interpreted from such data provide the most appropriate means of identifying wetlands and wetland boundaries. Inasmuch as vegetation responds to changes in moisture conditions, remote sensor data acquired over a period of time will allow the detection of fluctuations in wetland conditions. Ground surveys of soil types or the duration of flooding may provide supplemental information to be employed at the more detailed levels of classification. Wetland areas drained for any purpose belong to other land use and land cover categories such as Agricultural Land, Rangeland, Forest Land, or Urban or Built-up Land. When the drainage is discontinued and such use ceases, classification may revert to Wetland. Wetlands managed for wildlife purposes may show short-term changes in land use as different management practices are used but are properly classified Wetland. Two separate boundaries are important with respect to wetland discrimination: the upper wetland boundary above which practically any category of land use or land cover may exist, and the boundary between wetland and open water beyond which the appropriate Water category should be employed. Forested Wetland and Nonforested Wetland are the Level II categories of Wetland.
61. FORESTED WETLAND Forested Wetlands are wetlands dominated by woody vegetation. Forested Wetland includes seasonally flooded bottomland hardwoods, mangrove swamps, shrub swamps, and wooded swamps including those around bogs. Because Forested Wetlands can be detected and mapped by the use of seasonal (winter/summer) imagery, and because delineation of Forested Wetlands is needed for many environmental planning activities, they are separated from other categories of Forest Land. The following are examples of typical vegetation found in Forested Wetland. Wooded swamps and southern flood plains contain primarily cypress (Taxodium) tupelo (Nyssa), oaks (Quercus) and red maple (Acer rubrum). Mangroves (Avicennia and Rhizophora) are dominant in certain subtropical Forested Wetland areas. Central and northern flood plains are dominated by cottonwoods (Populus) ash (Fraxinus), alder (Alnus) and willow (Salix). Flood plains of the Southwest may be dominated by mesquite (Prosopis), saltcedar (Tamarix), seepwillow (Baccharis), and arrowweed (Pluchea). Northern bogs typically contain tamarack or larch (Larix) black spruce (Picea mariana), and heath shrubs (Ericaceae). Shrub swamp vegetation includes alder (Alnus), willow (Salix), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus accidentalis).
62. NONFORESTED WETLAND Nonforested Wetlands are dominated by wetland herbaceous vegetation or are nonvegetated. These wetlands include tidal and nontidal fresh, brackish, and salt marshes and nonvegetated flats and also freshwater meadows, wet prairies, and open bogs. The following are examples of vegetation associated with Nonforested Wetland. Narrow-leaved emergents such as cordgrass (Spartina) and rush (Juncus) are dominant in coastal salt marshes. Both narrow-leaved emergents such as cattail (Typha), bulrush (Scirpus) sedges (Carex), sawgrass (Cladium) and other grasses (for example, Panicum and Ziraniopsis miliacea), and broad-leaved emergents such as waterlily (Nuphar, Nymphea), pickerelweed (Pontederia), arrow arum (Peltandra), arrowhead (Sagittaria), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) are typical of brackish to freshwater locations. Mosses (Sphagnum) and sedges (Carex) grow in wet meadows and bogs.
7.BARREN LAND Barren Land is land of limited ability to support life and in which less than one-third of the area has vegetation or other cover. In general, it is an area of thin soil, sand, or rocks. Vegetation, if present, is more widely spaced and scrubby than that in the Shrub and Brush category of Rangeland. Unusual conditions, such as a heavy rainfall, occasionally result in growth of a short- lived, more luxuriant plant cover. Wet, nonvegetated barren lands are included in the Nonforested Wetland category. Land may appear barren because of man's activities. When it may reasonably be inferred from the data source that the land will be returned to its former use, it is not included in the Barren category but classified on the basis of its site and situation. Agricultural land, for example, may be temporarily without vegetative cover because of cropping season or tillage practices. Similarly, industrial land may have waste and tailing dumps, and areas of intensively managed forest land may have clear cut blocks evident. When neither the former nor the future use can be discerned and the area is obviously in a state of land use transition, it is considered to be Barren Land, in order to avoid inferential errors. Level II categories of Barren Land are: Dry Salt Flats, Beaches, Sandy Areas other than Beaches; Bare Exposed Rock; Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits; Transitional Areas; and Mixed Barren Land.
71. DRY SALT FLATS Dry Salt Flats occurring on the flat-floored bottoms of interior desert basins which do not qualify as Wetland are included in this category. On aerial photographs, Dry Salt Flats tend to appear white or light toned because of the high concentrations of salts at the surface as water has been evaporated, resulting in a higher albedo than other adjacent desert features.
72. BEACHES Beaches are the smooth sloping accumulations of sand and gravel along shorelines. The surface is stable inland, but the shoreward part is subject to erosion by wind and water and to deposition in protected areas.
73. SANDY AREAS OTHER THAN BEACHES Sandy areas other than Beaches are composed primarily of dunes accumulations of sand transported by the wind. Sand accumulations most commonly are found in deserts although they also occur on coastal plains, river flood plains, and deltas and in periglacial environments. When such sand accumulations are encountered in tundra areas, they are not included here but are placed in the Bare Ground Tundra category.
74. BARE EXPOSED ROCK The Bare Exposed Rock category includes areas of bedrock exposure, desert pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, rock glaciers, and other accumulations of rock without vegetative cover, with the exception of such rock exposures occurring in tundra regions.
75. STRIP MINES, QUARRIES AND GRAVEL PITS Those extractive mining activities that have significant surface expression are included in this category. Vegetative cover and overburden are removed to expose such deposits as coal, iron ore, limestone, and copper. Quarrying of building and decorative stone and recovery of sand and gravel deposits also result in large open surface pits. Current mining activity is not always distinguishable, and inactive, unreclaimed, and active strip mines, quarries, borrow pits, and gravel pits are included in this category until other cover or use has been established, after which the land would be classified in accordance with the resulting use or cover. Unused pits or quarries that have been flooded, however, are placed in the appropriate Water category.
76. TRANSITIONAL AREAS The Transitional Areas category is intended for those areas which are in transition from one land use activity to another. They are characterized by the lack of any remote sensor information which would enable the land use interpreter to predict reliably the future use or discern the past use. All that actually can be determined in these situations is that a transition is in progress, and inference about past or future use should be avoided. This transitional phase occurs when, for example, forest lands are cleared for agriculture, wetlands are drained for development, or when any type of land use ceases as areas become temporarily bare as construction is planned for such future uses as residences, shopping centers, industrial sites, or suburban and rural residential subdivisions. Land being altered by filling, such as occurs in spoil dumps or sanitary landfills, also is indicative of this transitional phase.
77. MIXED BARREN LAND The Mixed Barren Land category is used when a mixture of Barren Land features occurs and the dominant land use occupies less than two-thirds of the area. Such a situation arises, for example, in a desert region where combinations of salt flats, sandy areas, bare rock, surface extraction, and transitional activities could occur in close proximity and in areal extent too small for each to be included at mapping scale. Where more than one-third intermixture of another use or uses occurs in a specific area, it is classified as Mixed Barren Land. Where the intermixed land use or uses total less than onethird of the specific area, the category appropriate to the dominant type of Barren Land is applied.

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